Sunday, January 26, 2020
Carbonic Anhydrase The Fastest Enzyme Biology Essay
Carbonic Anhydrase The Fastest Enzyme Biology Essay Carbonic anhydrase, abbreviated as CA, is the first identified zinc containing enzyme, (CA; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions and protons. Being one of the fastest enzyme known, it is believed that one molecule of CA can process one million molecules of carbon dioxide per second. The basic molecular structure of CA includes specific amino acid threonine 199, glutamate 106, histidine 64 and histidine residues namely His 93, His 95, and His 118. The mode of regulation of CA is being inhibited by various medically prescribed substances that act as non competitive inhibitors, an example is Acetazolamide. CA plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body thus, Mutation of this enzyme may lead to several diseases.(1) CARBONIC ANYHYDRASE THE START: Breathing, a fundamental function in life The air that we breathe in has some valuable oxygen, an important molecule wherein it helps the breakdown of fats and sugars in our cells. From the blood, oxygen diffuses then binds with the hemoglobin to be transported in the cells of our body. A by product of sugar and fat breakdown in cells is called Carbon dioxide CO2). It is a key metabolite in all living organism and it needs to be removed from our body. Carbon dioxide is diffuse out of the cells and transported in the blood in different ways to get to the lungs. CA is transported in numerous forms, mainly as bicarbonate, HCO3-. Bicarbonate is a CO2- with an attached OH group. When the HCO3- reaches the lungs, it is transformed back to a CO2, so it can be exhaled from the body. The conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide facilitates its transport into the cell; while the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate assists trap the carbon dioxide in the cell. This interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate develop at a slow physiological pH hence organism tend to produces an enzyme to hasten the process. This enzyme responsible for the speed up interconversion, which can be found in the red blood cells, is called carbonic anhydrase. Although the interconversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide can happen without the enzyme, CA can great increase the rate of the conversions up to a millions of fold. (2) STRUCTURE The CA molecule in general has ellipsoidal shape with the estimated dimension 4.1 x 4.1 x 4.7 nm. The active site is situated in a cavity having an approximately conical shape. The cavity is assessed 1.5 m wide at the way in and about 1.6 nm deep attaining almost the center of the molecule. The zinc ion is next to the peak of the cone and liganded into 3 imidazole groups. Figure 1. CA Structure (2) Figure 1. shows the structure of CA. Taken as a whole, is composed of 10-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet enclosed with various elements of other secondary structure. The 6 alpha-helices and 10-beta sheets make up the secondary structure of carbonic anhydrase. The basic function of CA is basically to regulate the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood that is needed in a human body. As the function suggests, the chemical structure of CA extremely lies with the presence of zinc that lies deep within its active site. Its common amino acid composition includes threonine, glutamate and histidine. The specificity of these 3 amino acids (threonine 199, glutamate 106, and histidine 64) plays a critical role in relation to the presence of zinc by charging it with a hydroxyl ion. The zinc cation is associated with three histidine residue protein backbone namely: His93, His95, and His118. As stated, zinc plays a major role in the reaction of CA. The zinc present in the active side of CA is being bound to water to be able to dissociate it into a proton and hydroxyl ion. The hydroxyl ion is being stabilized by the positively charged zinc, in this way; the hydroxyl ion is being prepared to attack the carbon dioxide inside the RBC. A closer look with CA can be seen in the figure below where the amino acid chains in the active site together with the zinc are evident. The role of the zinc basically includes the command of directional transfer of the bound hydroxyl to the carbon dioxide to be able to form bicarbonate ion. From the figure, it shows that the intermediate structure where the bicarbonate ion is still attached to the enzyme. The alanine replicated the side chain for amino acid 199 in this arrangement. Histidine 64 swings in the direction of and away from the zinc ion in every cycle of enzyme action although it is helping the zinc to recharge with a novel hydroxyl ion. The two locations of this residue, revealed in the bottom right figure, symbolize its movement throughout the action of enzyme. Almost immediately as the zinc is reloaded with an original water molecule together with the release of bicarbonate ion, the enzyme is set for another action on some new carbon dioxide molecule. (3) MECHANISM OF CATALYSIS The rate of catalysis of the CA is exceedingly pH dependent. It means that, the higher the pH, the catalysis is faster and as the pH reduces, the speed of the reaction falls down. The mean pH of this transition is near pH 7. (5) Figure 2. Mechanism of CA catalysis (6) Figure 2.0 shows the mechanism of CA catalysis. A zinc atom which is generally bound to four or more ligands differs in CA. In CA, three locations are occupied by imidazole ring of three histidine residues and an additional site is occupied by a water molecule. Thus the geometry form of the active site is tetrahedral. The zinc atom plays an important role in the mechanism of CA catalysis because it is responsible for the release of a proton H+ from a water molecule, which then generates a nucleophilic hydroxide ion. Then the carbon dioxide substrate will attach to the active site of the enzyme to react with the ion of hydroxide. The zinc-bound OH- attacks the carbon of CO2 therefore converting it into a bicarbonate ion. This occurs since the zinc ion has the +2 charge, which attracts the oxygen of water. It then deprotonates the water, thus, converting it into a better nucleophile so that the newly converted hydroxyl ion can attack the carbon dioxide. After the nucleophilic att ack of zinc bound OH-, addition of water molecule displaces the bicarbonate ion from the metal ion. The CA is then ready for another cycle of catalysis. (7) KINETICS OF REACTIONS CA inhibitors are class of pharmaceuticals that control the activity of carbonic anhydrase. It is inhibited by two classes of compounds, a metal complex forming anions and others are isosteres and sulfonamides. Inhibitors ionize upon binding with the enzyme to give way an NH- group that relocates the zinc hydroxide ions and shares a hydrogen bond. There are roughly 25 clinically used CA inhibitors as a drugs. It is mainly established as antiglaucoma drugs, diuretics, hypotensive agents, anticonvulsants, anticancer agents, antiepileptics, with additional use in the management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, osteoporosis and neurological disorder. (8) Acetazolamide Methazolamide Dorzolamide Topiramate Figure 3. Illustrations of some CA inhibitors (9) Figure 3.0 shows some CA inhibitors like Acetozolamide which acts as a mild diuretic. It cures glaucoma, altitude sickness, and some benign intracranial hypertension. Methazolamide treats glaucoma present in dogs which is called Open-angle glaucoma. While Topiramate which is a weak inhibitor, alleviate epilepsy, lennox gastuat syndrome and migraine headaches. And another CA inhibitor is the, Dorzolamide or sulphonamide which treat ocular hypertension or open-angele glaucoma. (10) CA activator regulates the proton transfer processes between the active site and the solvent system. It also binds at the entrance of the enzyme of the active site. One of the strong activator of CA is Histidine. Some amines and amino acids like l-Trp (tryptophan), l-Phe (Phenylalanine), d-DOPA (D- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), l-Tyr (Tyrosine), 4-amino-l-Phe also works as activators of CA. These CA activators are potentially target for drug development that can be useful as a derivative for the enhancement of synaptic efficacy which can be able to treat various conditions like, depression, alzheimers disease, ageing, spatial learning and memory therapy enhancer. (11) MODE OF REGULATION: Acetazolamide Inhibitor In case of excessive contents of CA in blood and peripheral areas of the lungs, proper regulation and inhibition is needed. Acetazolamide is a non competitive inhibitor that is effective in giving control with the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. This chemical complex substance is medically used o treat different conditions of moderate up to severe metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Alkalosis may happen if excess CA is being reacted with the bicarbonate and carbon dioxide ions in the RBC, causing extreme absorption of bicarbonate thus giving the erythrocyte more basicity rather than having enough and sufficient pH level. Acetazolamide action is explained by interfering with bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby giving enough acidity in the RBC, and further results to alkalinizing the urine. The action of inhibition results further to decreased synthesis of aqueous humor of the eye and causes the lowering of intraocular pressure. The interaction of Acetazolamide with CA does not occur with the active site, only close or remote to the active site. The net effect of this inhibitor basically changes the shape of CA that obviously leads to the inability of the substrate to bind properly, results to no catalytic reaction. (12) CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Carbonic Anhydrase is found in numerous places in the body, including in the cerebro-spinal fluid, cytosol of some cells and mainly in the red blood cells. Since CA generates and utilizes protons and bicarbonate ions, it plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body. Absence or mutation of the CA enzyme may lead to several diseases. Also, CA inhibitor contributes to several treatments of diseases. One of the linked diseases of CA is the Osteopetrosis with cerebral calcification and renal acidosis. It is a syndrome deficient with CA in the body commonly called as Marble brain disease. This happens because sulfonamide inhibitor of CA can produce metabolic acidosis and have shown that CA inhibitors blocks the parathyroid hormone-induced the release of calcium bone which causes bone resorption. And since CA is present in the brain and CA inhibitors inhibits the production of cerebral spinal fluid, mutation of CA lead to cerebral calcification. Other disease associated with the deficiency of specific type of CAIII is the Myastenia gravis. It is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that results to a weak muscle of a person. Defects in CA IV can cause retinitis pigmentosa, a degeneration of retinal photoreceptor, which a patient experiences night vision blindness and loss of midperipheral visual. (13) Glaucoma, a condition wherein a build up of fluid in the eyes occurs and this presses the optic nerve that caused damage, is treated with the use of CA inhibitors like acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and methazolamide. These inhibitors lessen the amount of fluid in the eye rapidly by 40% to 60% thus lowering the pressure inside the eye of a person with glaucoma. It now lessens the risk of optic nerve damage which promote vision loss. But prolong use of this drug affects the same enzyme in the tissue and may lead to kidney and liver damage The CA also plays an important role in the secretion of acid through the catalyzed hydration of excreted CO2 in the stomach lining which is mainly responsible in digestion of food. It helps to make pancreatic juice alkaline and our saliva neutral. In summary, CA performs different role and functions at their specific locations. (14)
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Acct553 Homework Es
1. (TCO A) A taxpayer may litigate a tax dispute without first paying the tax in the: (Points : 5)|        U. S. District Court. U. S. Tax Court. U. S. Court of Federal Claims. All of the above | 2. (TCO F) A business bad debt is deductible for tax purposes as a(n): (Points : 5)|        ordinary business deduction. short-term capital loss. long-term capital loss. miscellaneous itemized deduction. | 3. (TCO I) Under the cash method of tax accounting, tax deductions are generally taken when: (Points : 5)|        payment is made. the liability arises. there is net income to absorb the expense.None of the above | 4. (TCO A) Which of the following constitutes tax evasion? (Points : 5)|        Arranging your affairs to keep your tax liability as low as possible under the tax law        Failing to disclose a tax liability from a completed transaction        Trying to maximize profits Trying to minimize your tax liability. | 5. (TCO C) Which of the following items is subject to federal income tax? (Points : 5)|        Interest on U. S. Treasury bonds Gambling winnings Interest on loans made in the ordinary course of business        All of the above | 6. (TCO B) Sam owes Bob $8,000.Bob cancels (forgives) the debt. The cancellation is not a gift, but Sam is insolvent. Which of the following statements is correct concerning the impact of this transaction? (Points : 5)|        Both Bob and Sam recognize $8,000 of taxable income. Bob recognizes $8,000 of taxable income. Sam recognizes $8,000 of taxable income. Neither Bob nor Sam has any taxable income from this transaction. | 7. (TCO I) David, a cash basis taxpayer, owns two rental properties. Based on the following information, compute the amount that he must include in his 2012 gross rental income.Property #1, security deposit on one-year lease received 2/1/12 All of deposit returned at lease end: $1,000 Property #1, payment received 2/1/12 for last month of lease(1/13): $900 Property #1, rental income received in 2012 2/12-12/12: $8,000 Property #2, rental income received in 2012 1/12-12/12: $9,600 Property #2, security deposit received 1/1/12 to be used for last month's rent: $800 Property #2, rent 1/13 received 12/28/12: $800 (Points : 5)|        $21,100 $19,300 $18,500 $20,100 | 8. (TCO F) Section 197's intangible assets, such as patents and trademarks, are amortized for tax purposes over: (Points : 5)| years. 15 years. 10 years. 20 years. | 9. (TCO E) Explain the constructive receipt doctrine. (Points : 17)            | 10. (TCO G) Answer the following questions concerning tax laws. a. What roles do the U. S. Constitution and U. S. Congress play in creating the tax law? b. What does the common body of tax law (CBOTL) consist of? Br iefly explain how a tax bill becomes a tax law. c. What role does the Internal Revenue Service play in interpreting, and providing guidance on, the tax law? What types of tax law guidance are published by the IRS? (Points : 18)            |
Friday, January 10, 2020
Proposal for relationship Essay
The idea was about to show gender inequality through different aspects of people. To do a notch thinking about the topic. The documentary shows different views of what they think of gender inequality or equality. There are interviews that were conducted from different people from different background, races, genders, and status. We have conducted interviews of teachers, politicians general public, a barber, a corporate person and so on. Although the world has become so advanced but there are gender inequalities on high levels. Gender inequality is not just a problem in it slef, it is a major problem for the economy aswell. People still thinks women if start going out for work will get dominant and powerfull over man and if she goes ot, she becomes commercial, people look them with different perspectives. Though they forget, that women are to be respected and treated as she is supposed to and given all her rights. GENDER INEQUALITY Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. Gender systems are often dichotomous and hierarchical; gender binary systems may reflect the inequalities that manifest in numerous dimensions of daily life. Gender inequality stems from distinctions, whether empirically grounded or socially constructed. On differences between the sexes. We will be looking into the following what causes inequality between women and men: how does it arise, why does it take different forms, why does it vary in degree across societies, what are the components that add up to gender inequality, how do various institutions and practices contribute to it, and how does it change? There is a coordination problem in social relations; namely, for interactions between individuals to proceed smoothly, they must be able to synchronize their behavior. In US society, there are many shared category systems used to create â€Å"common knowledge.†However, according to Ridgeway, these categories, â€Å"†¦must be so simplified that they can be quickly applied as framing devices to virtually anyone to start the process of defining self and other in the situation.†If you meet an unfamiliar person, you will, â€Å"automatically and instantly,†categorize them, and your interaction will proceed with this information in mind. In the US, the basic â€Å"primary†cultural categories include sex, race, and age. – In general, men are believed to be especially more competent than women in male-typed settings (e.g. engineering, sports) and positions of authority, while women are advantaged in female-typed settings (e.g. childcare, communicat ion). In mixed sex, gender neutral settings, men are believed to be modestly and diffusely more competent. Even though these beliefs are based are based on the â€Å"average†woman and the â€Å"average†man, they become the â€Å"default rules†for coordinating behavior. So if equally qualified applicants apply for a male-typed job, such as a computer engineer, male applicants will be advantaged relative to female applicants. But if two equally qualified applicants apply to a female-typed job, such as a nanny, the woman would be more likely to receive the job offer. TYPES OF INEQUALITIES Mortality inequality: In some regions in the world, inequality between women and men directly involves matters of life and death, and takes the brutal form of unusually high mortality rates of women and a consequent preponderance of men in the total population, as opposed to the preponderance of women found in societies with little or no gender bias in health care and nutrition. Mortality inequality has been observed extensively in North Africa and in Asia, including China and South Asia. Natality inequality: Given a preference for boys over girls that many male-dominated societies have, gender inequality can manifest itself in the form of the parents wanting the newborn to be a boy rather than a girl. There was a time when this could be no more than a wish (a daydream or a nightmare, depending on one’s perspective), but with the availability of modern techniques to determine the gender of the foetus, sex-selective abortion has become common in many countries. It is particu larly prevalent in East Asia, in China and South Korea in particular, but also in Singapore and Taiwan, and it is beginning to emerge as a statistically significant phenomenon in India and South Asia as well. This is high-tech sexism. Basic facility inequality: Even when demographic characteristics do not show much or any anti-female bias, there are other ways in which women can have less than a square deal. Afghanistan may be the only country in the world the government of which is keen on actively excluding girls from schooling (it combines this with other features of massive gender inequality), but there are many countries in Asia and Africa, and also in Latin America, where girls have far less opportunity of schooling than boys do. There are other deficiencies in basic facilities available to women, varying from encouragement to cultivate one’s natural talents to fair participation in rewarding social functions of the community. Special opportunity inequality: Even when there is relatively little difference in basic facilities including schooling, the opportunities of higher education may be far fewer for young women than for young men. Indeed, gender bias in higher education a nd professional training can be observed even in some of the richest countries in the world, in Europe and North America. Sometimes this type of division has been based on the superficially innocuous idea that the respective â€Å"provinces†of men and women are just different. This thesis has been championed in different forms over the centuries, and has had much implicit as well as explicit following. It was presented with particular directness more than a hundred years before Queen Victoria’s complaint about â€Å"woman’s rights†by the Revd James Fordyce in his Sermons to Young Women (1766), a book which, as Mary Wollstonecraft noted in her A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), had been â€Å"long made a part of woman’s library.†Fordyce warned the young women, to whom his sermons were addressed, against â€Å"those masculine women that would plead for your sharing any part of their province with us,†identifying the pro vince of men as including not only â€Å"war,†but also â€Å"commerce, politics, exercises of strength and dexterity, abstract philosophy and all the abstruser sciences.†Even though such clear-cut beliefs about the provinces of men and women are now rather rare, nevertheless the presence of extensive gender asymmetry can be seen in many areas of education, training and professional work even in Europe and North America. Professional inequality: In terms of employment as well as promotion in work and occupation, women often face greater handicap than men. A country like Japan may be quite egalitarian in matters of demography or basic facilities, and even, to a great extent, in higher education, and yet progress to elevated levels of employment and occupation seems to be much more problematic for women than for men. In the English television series called â€Å"Yes, Minister,†there is an episode where the Minister, full of reforming zeal, is trying to find out from the immovable permanent secretary, Sir Humphrey, how many women are in really senior positions in the British civil service. Sir Humphrey says that it is very difficult to give an ex act number; it would require a lot of investigation. The Minister is still insistent, and wants to know approximately how many women are there in these senior positions. To which Sir Humphrey finally replies, â€Å"Approximately, none.†Ownership inequality: In many societies the ownership of property can also be very unequal. Even basic assets such as homes and land may be very asymmetrically shared. The absence of claims to property can not only reduce the voice of women, but also make it harder for women to enter and flourish in commercial, economic and even some social activities.2 This type of inequality has existed in most parts of the world, though there are also local variations. For example, even though traditional property rights have favoured men in the bulk of India, in what is now the State of Kerala, there has been, for a long time, matrilineal inheritance for an influential part of the community, namely the Nairs. Household inequality: There are, often enough, basic inequalities in gender relations within the family or the household, which can take many different forms. Even in cases in which there are no overt signs of anti-female bias in, say, survival or son-preference or education, or even in promotion to higher executive positions, the family arrangements can be quite unequal in terms o f sharing the burden of housework and child care. It is, for example, quite common in many societies to take it for granted that while men will naturally work outside the home, women could do it if and only if they could combine it with various inescapable and unequally shared household duties. This is sometimes called â€Å"division of labour,†though women could be forgiven for seeing it as â€Å"accumulation of labour.†The reach of this inequality includes not only unequal relations within the family, but also derivative inequalities in employment and recognition in the outside world. Also, the established fixity of this type of â€Å"division†or â€Å"accumulation†of labour can also have far-reaching effects on the knowledge and understanding of different types of work in professional circles. When I first started working on gender inequality, in the 1970s, I remember being struck by the fact that the Handbook of Human Nutrition Requirement of the World Health Organisation (WHO), in presenting â€Å"calorie requirements†for different categories of people, chose to classify household work as â€Å"sedentary activity,†requiring very little deployment of energy.3 I was, however, not able to determine precisely how this remarka ble bit of information had been collected by the patrician leaders of society. FACTS ABOUT GENDER INEQUALITY The five countries with the best record of gender parity are Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the Philippines. Iceland holds the top spot for the fifth year in a row and â€Å"continues to be the country with the narrowest gender gap in the world.†The U.S. is at number 23, falling behind several countries that it has tried to bomb or colonize, such as Cuba and Nicaragua, or moralize at, such as Burundi. (Official U.S. government goals in Burundi are â€Å"to help the people of Burundi realize a just and lasting peace based upon democratic principles and sustainable economic development.†) The U.S. also is only at number 17 in gender parity out of the 49 high-income countries that have been measured–a rather poor showing for a country that tops the chart when it comes to high incomes. According to one recent study, incomes among the top 1 percent in the U.S. rose by 31.4 percent between 2009 and 2012, while incomes for everyone else grew just 0.4 percent. This wealth is obviously not going toward ensuring gender equality. China, the emerging economic competitor to the U.S., is at number 69 with a steady deterioration in its gender relations since 2010. China and the U.S. have the greatest number of millionaire households, and China has seen one of the biggest economic booms in recent years. It is thus alarming that in China, just like in the U.S., the sole beneficiaries of this boom has been the rich. The disparity is particularly clear in certain key areas: for instance, the report ranks China at 133, almost to the very bottom of all the countries surveyed, in the Health and Survival category. Indeed, some of the leading affluent nations perform very poorly on the â€Å"Health and Survival†Category. Israel, for example, is at 93 falling below the country it demonizes regularly: Iran! The five countries with the poorest record for gender parity are Mauritania, Syria, Chad, Pakistan and Yemen. Not to let the national ruling classes of these countries off the hook, but it’s important to bear in mind that these countries have all been the victim of devastating imperialist policies and violence from the West. Along with colonialism, drone strikes and International Monetary Fund demands, we can also add the resultant gender disparity to the list of the West’s â€Å"gifts†to these countries. GENDER EQUALITY Gender equality is the measurable equal representation of women and men. Gender equality does not imply that women and men are the same, but that they have equal value and should be accorded equal treatment. The United Nations regards gender equality as a human right. It points out that empowering women is also an indispensable tool for advancing development and reducing poverty. Equal pay for equal work is one of the areas where gender equality is rarely seen. All too often women are paid less than men for doing the same work. This is one of the reasons that the majority of the world’s poor are women: around 70% of the people who live in extreme poverty, on less than US$1 a day, are girls and women. Suffrage (the right to vote) is another area of gender equality that still does not extend to all the women in the world. Saudi Arabia does not give women the right to vote; in the USA right wing commentators say that women should never have been given the right to vote. The impor tance of gender equality is highlighted by its inclusion as one of the 8 Millennium Development Goals that serve as a framework for halving poverty and improving lives. Despite this, discrimination against women and girls (such as gender-based violence, economic discrimination, reproductive health inequities and harmful traditional practices) remains the most pervasive and persistent form of inequality. CONCLUSION Despite modernization and acknowledgment of right, we still see countries facing the problem of gender inequality and let most to suffer from this are developing countries. After the research we can conclude that inequality does not only brings in stress and problems along it but also economically affects. The relationship between economic and gender equality is very clear. there are people who still do not allow women to go ut and work. We still think women are not supposed to go out and work as they go out they will get dominant over men. Girls are removed early from schools. Early marriages. Those who work have a glass ceiling or are not allowed to go on higher posts then men. And so on so forth. If we remove this gender inequality, let the women work educate them, they will not only be contributing with the man to run the house expenses but also help in economy; less dependent people, more bread earning hence a good lifestyle. With such an inflationary economy where prices are go ing up, one person is not enough to earn and feed the family. A women who is educated, can raise her children in a very well-mannered and appropriate way with good moral and ethnic values. A healthy home comes with educated women. BIBILOGRAPHY Amartya Sen. Many faces of gender inequality. FRONTLINE. Volume 18 – Issue 22, Oct. 27 – Nov. 09, 2001 Sex differences in humans . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality Tithi Bhattacharya. Measuring gender inequality. report on the gender gap internationally. from http://socialistworker.org/2013/11/04/measuring-gender-inequality
Thursday, January 2, 2020
Corporate Social Responsibility And Human Rights - 943 Words
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBLITY Nicholas S Jones ACED 4050 Valdosta State University March 20, 2016 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESRPONSIBILITY (CSR) Introduction Today, the world faces numerous challenges ranging from dreadful environmental conditions through poverty and human rights, to energy and resource supply issues. Social responsibility policy focuses on using the capabilities of a business to improve lives and sustain our planet through contributions to local communities and society at large. In other words, a business should fully realize it’s potential as an organization to make a better world through corporate self-regulation assimilated into a business module. CSR and Human Rights The global community expects companies to operate with due admiration for human rights. Beyond meeting regulatory requirements and social expectations in areas in which they operate, by proactively presenting more rigorous international standards such as the United Nations Global Compact, companies will reinforce their commitment to human rights. In 1998 the Secretary General of the UN, declared that he â€Å"was building a more solid relationship with the business community. Thriving markets and human security goes hand in hand: without one we will not have the other†(Annan, 1998, p. 1820). Afterwards, a World Economic Forum was held in 1999. At the forum, Kofi Annan introduced what is known the ‘Global Compact’. 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Principle one requires that business should respect human rights including those in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. And businesses are asked to do something to undertake more environmental responsibility under principle eight. â€Å"As an established industry leader in the areas of human rights and ethical business†(see Embedding Human rights in Business Practice iii), we believe Cadbury has a ground to say in these respects. We quite agree
Wednesday, December 25, 2019
Jefferson vs. Hamilton Confrontations That Shaped a...
April 13, 1743 Albemarle County in the English colony of Virginia was the start of an American historical giant. Thomas Jefferson was born in affluence to his father, Peter Jefferson, a rising young planter in the Virginia colony, and his mother, Jane Randolph, who held a high status within the colony as well. Due to his father’s prosperity Jefferson was afforded the absolute best in the ways of education, starting with private tutors at the age of five, then moving on to learn how to read Greek and Roman in there original text and finally taking his studies to the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg which he would say is â€Å"†¦what probably fixed the destinies of my life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ pg 5. On the other side of the spectrum, a few years later†¦show more content†¦Hamilton expressed dissatisfaction with both of the plans brought forward to the convention. The Virginia plan, which was a proposal to completely abandon the Articles of Confederation, a nd replace it with a bicameral national legislature, an executive branch selected by the legislature, a judiciary, and a council of revision with the power veto, and the New Jersey plan, which suggested to keep the Articles of Confederation, but revise it to give Congress the power to tax, regulate commerce, and choose plural executive and members of a supreme court. Hamilton felt both these plans lacked a strong central government. He was specifically displeased with the New Jersey plan â€Å"being fully convinced†Madison writes â€Å"that no amendment of the Confederation, leaving the States in possession of their Sovereignty could possibly answer the purpose.†pg 18-19. He feared that either of these plans would leave the newly founded country weakened and â€Å"†¦would ultimately destroy the confederation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ pg 20. Finally, though Hamilton would given the federal government more power, he supported what was to be and is now the Constitution of the United States of America and he became one of its leading supporters during the ratification process. Though Jefferson was unable to join the convention due to his duties in France asShow MoreRelatedThe Forgotten Founder : Alexander Hamilton1196 Words  | 5 PagesAriel Fisher College Composition 3M Mr. Claxton December 10, 2015 The Forgotten Founder Alexander Hamilton was one of the founding fathers of the United States, but little to no people recognize the accomplishments he made. As a young man he fought in the Revolutionary War under the command of George Washington and later went on to become the first Secretary of the Treasury. With a multitude of other achievements under his belt, it’s hard to comprehend how this amazing man became a forgotten figureRead MoreFirst Bank of the United States4267 Words  | 18 Pagesdesigned to make money and build an economy. It was designed by men like Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris, but did not benefit the common citizen as much as wealthy investors. Why did a fledgling government need to borrow millions from overseas in order to invest in a â€Å"national†bank, to turn around and then borrow the same money back and pay interest on it? The banking system developed by Alexander Hamilton and Robert Morris was prime pickings for speculators, and laid the groundwor k for aRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words  | 656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words  | 1573 Pagesand religion have shaped them and how to adapt your management style to their differences. Managers at global companies such as McDonald’s, Disney, and Coca-Cola have come to realize that economic values are not universally transferable. Management practices need to be modified to reflect the values of the different countries in which an organization operates. Overseeing Movement of Jobs to Countries with Low-Cost Labor It’s increasingly difficult for managers in advanced nations, where minimum wages
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Essay on The Roles of Greed and Pride in Shakespeares...
The choices people make lead them to where they end up, which may be interpreted as the opposite of fate. However, when some people believe something is meant to be, they are determined not to stray from where they think they should end up, even if it means throwing away their principles and values in the process. Through Shakespeares Tragedy of Macbeth, Macbeth’s original character and values are destroyed because of the influence from the witches prophecies, Lady Macbeths greed, and his own hidden ambition. Macbeth begins to defer from his original character when he learns of the witches’ prophecies, which leads him to believe he is fated to be king and to pursue that â€Å"destiny.†After the witches make the prophecies, he merely views†¦show more content†¦He tells himself â€Å"That is a step/ On which I must fall down or else o’erleap/ For which in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires/ Let not light see my black and deep desires/ The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be/ Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see†(I iv. 55-60). Malcolm being named as a prince makes him next in line for the throne, followed by Duncan’s other son, Donalbain whom both stand in the way of Macbeth becoming king. Because they are next in life for the throne, as long as they are alive there is no real justification for him to achieve that title. He is aware that his ambition of becoming king is cannot become true through clean and honest means that â€Å"t he eye fears,†but that he needs to let â€Å"the hand†act and go against his own character and principles to make it true. Were the deeds and actions that he needed to take in order to become king were through a just method, he would not find them as hard for the eye to bear, or something that one would not want to see. Lady Macbeth’s ambition is another factor that plays a large role in uncovering Macbeth’s unseen dark side and changes him into the apathetic tyrant that he embodies at the end of the text. After she reads Macbeth’s letter that informs her of his current status and what the future may hold for them, she notes to herself that Macbeth’s nature â€Å"is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness/ To catch the nearest way,†too gentle and compassionate to seize the firstShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s King Lear, Hamlet, Othello And Macbeth1206 Words  | 5 Pages A Shakespearean tragedy, is a five-a ct play and they usually revolve around a similar idea of conflict. This is the Internal and external Conflict within the character. The four plays I have chosen to analyse are; King Lear, Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth. I chose these plays specifically because they all have universal themes which depict human emotions. They contain very important messages about internal and external conflict within characters and how this conflict can lead to terrible things, suchRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare Is A Well-Known And Recognized English1542 Words  | 7 PagesShakespeare decided to move to London and took up the role of being an actor and a playwright. It wasn’t until 1594 that he began his career with the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the leading theater company at the time. Shakespeare spent his time pumping out 37 written plays and over 150 poems, which only provoked him into becoming a prominent playwright, figure in his successful work output. Shakespeare didn’t only r evert to tragedies such as Macbeth, but combined fascinating plots, strong characters andRead MoreEssay about Witchcraft, Murder and Ghosts in Macbeth1142 Words  | 5 PagesWitchcraft, Murder and Ghosts in Macbeth   A notable point within Shakespeare’s play Macbeth is the use of the three witches in the opening scene. The number of witches for a contemporary audience can go unnoticed. However in the time that Shakespeare the symbolic meaning of the number three was important, as it symbolized unluckiness and when remembering the fear of the unnatural and being unlucky (epitomized by such historical events as the rage of witch trials within Britain). ThisRead MoreMacbeth and the Power of Persuasion1465 Words  | 6 Pageswho are weak. It can sway ones decisions between good and evil, concealing judgment and jading the conscience. It plays the critical role of a spectral villain, an invisible danger to the protagonist in William Shakespeares Macbeth. Macbeth is a victim of persuasion of others, making him ultimately not responsible for his actions. Macbeths own partner Lady Macbeth persuades her husband to commit murder and fulfill his ambition. The three witches and the ir Queen influence Macbeths decisions throughRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - Winning Power, Losing Humanity1798 Words  | 8 Pagesactions alike. Shakespeare vents his feelings of his past grief in Macbeth, and he expresses his deep grief over the loss of his younger brother, his father and his mother in 1607, resulting in the creation of his sinister characters. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, he uses symbols, irony, imagery, and characters to show how greed can consume people and turn them into monsters. Macbeth contains many objects that symbolize power. Macbeth hallucinates a dagger, for example, after witches he encountersRead MoreMacbeth Good Vs Evil Essay1522 Words  | 7 Pagesstrife, where consideration of natural law is continually overshadowed by the seductive illusion of power. William Shakespeare’s 17th-century play Macbeth shows the conflict of an honourable man who is provoked by external factors to fall from goodness and execute deplorable crimes. Not only does Macbeth become evil due to his inner nature, but external factors such as pride and greed cause him to succumb to an existence of sin. The majority of people are not born intrinsically evil; every personRead MoreEssay about The Many Symbols in Shakespeares Macbeth1723 Words  | 7 PagesThe Many Symbols in Macbeth      Shakespeare used clothing both symbolically and as a vehicle of character definition. Clothes were often used in Macbeths case to symbolize his titles. Symbolic clothing is identified when Ross tells Macbeth of his new title Thane of Cawdor when Macbeth does not know of the Thanes treason, Macbeth: The Thane of Cawdor lives: why do you dress me in Borrowd robes? (I, III,108) Symbols using clothing such as borrowed robes, disguises and cross-dressingRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero985 Words  | 4 Pages In William shakespeare’s Macbeth,Macbeth is a classic example of a tragic hero in shakesperean work.Macbeth display the major characteristics of a tragic hero throughout the play until his tragic end.The play potrays Macbeth as a lost cause by showing how he fell from being a honest and just man who fought for whats right, to a cruel,superstitious,ambicious dictator.In william shakespreares Macbeth,Macbeth is a tragic hero because he compromises his honor and negates his moral values in orderRead MoreMacbeth: A Very Complex Character Essay1973 Words  | 8 PagesMacbeth is a very complex character whom reflects mans thirst for power through the drastic changes of his personality; thus being one of the slightest reasons in which make this intriguing character, greatest of all Shakespearean’s well-known works. At the beginning of the play Macbeth is notable as a brave soldier and is rewarded as being Thane of Glamis. The attributions of Macbeth at the beginning of the play may be wise, thoughtful, patient and noble. Soon after he achieves the titleRead MoreHuman Weakness in Macbeth and Othello2915 Words  | 12 PagesMacbeth is one of the best known plays written by Shakespeare in the 17th century, Jacobean period. It was the period where the belief in supernatural was greatly held and king James I himself, the author of Divine rights of king adhered in witchcraft and openly practiced the idea of kings being God’s representatives on earth, so to even complain about them was a sin. The tragic hero, brave and valiant Macbeth had all the required characteristics of the ideal Scottish soldier; valorous and gallant
Monday, December 9, 2019
Supply Chain Management in Coca-Cola Design to Grow
Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management in Coca-Cola for Design to Grow. Answer: Introduction For any company to be successful there needs to be consumer satisfaction in its products and services. One factor that assists in consumer satisfaction is supply chain organization. A customer will be contented if the goods reach them in the best possible state, usually the like the way they left the company. Therefore, it is essential that every company ensures efficiency in their supply chain to prevent mishandling of goods. If the enterprise decides to outsource the supply work, it has to ensure that they hire the best people to do so; else they might lose satisfied customers. It has to have a good plan on how the goods are to leave the production areas and reach the customers in the same or the best possible state. A company like Coca-Cola has to ensure that their drinks reach the market in a good state so that they can remain competitive against their rivals. The supply chain is also concerned with how raw materials get to the company at the lowest possible cost. For any company to maximize profits, it has to ensure that expenses are brought down as possible, especially transport costs of products to and from the company. Coca-Cola is one of the enterprises in the world that has a good supply chain. They have ensured that the chains are as short as possible to reduce the inefficiencies experienced in longer ones. This paper seeks to analyze the supply chain planning and control issues of Coca-Cola Company. Discussion and analysis Coca-Cola is a multinational beverage corporation based in the United States. It specializes in producing, packaging, and marketing non-alcoholic beverages. Founded in 1886, the Coca-Cola company has grown to be among the largest companies globally in terms of revenue and market share (World of Coca-Cola, 2016). Part of their success comes from having an efficient supply system that has enabled them to reach customers from all over even the ones in remote areas. From the company, there are other intermediaries involved in ensuring that the beverages reach the final consumer regardless of where they are. In their supply chain, there are distributors or wholesalers, retailers, suppliers, manufacturers, the company itself, and the consumers. Undoubtedly, there is efficiency in the supply system as these products still reach the customers at competitive prices. Thus, even after all the intermediaries; the consumer can enjoy the beverages at a lower cost compared to other rivals. In supply chain management, there are various factors which are crucial to ensure efficiency. According to Huang (2013), these factors are known as logistical drivers. They include facilities, inventory, and transportation. Additionally, there are cross-functional drivers which include information, sourcing, and pricing. Therefore, for the supply chain to be as effective as possible, the company involved has to put these six factors into consideration. Facilities are crucial in the chain as they provide storage for the manufactured goods. Therefore, these physical locations are essential to the chain as they store products nearer to the market. The consumers can then have the goods in the market in a short time rather than have to wait for them to come from the factory. A company should select these facilities strategically to reduce the costs of transportation to the market. Coca-Cola has facilities all over the world in the form of a franchise (Huang, 2013, p. 21). The company just transports the secret formula to these locations located in different regions and they in turn complete production. Thus, the customers can access the products in a shorter time and a good state as they are produced in their vicinity. This method keeps the supply chain short and hence effective. Another factor that is crucial in the supply chain is the inventory. The inventory includes all materials needed for the production and the final products. They include raw materials, equipment, labor, and the finished goods. Therefore, for the company to serve the demand, these factors have to be present (Huang, 2013, p. 21). With raw materials, equipment, and labor, the company can produce the goods needed by different consumers at a time. Hence, for the success of the supply chain, all these factors should be available. Another factor that is crucial in the supply chain is transportation. For the supply chain to be successful, there has to be a means of moving the inventory from different points. Raw materials have to be moved from their place of origin to the factory. Additionally, the finished goods have to be transported from the factory to the market. Thus, transportation is a crucial factor that is needed in the chain. The company should select a means of transportation after considering several factors such as cost, speed, and quantity that can be transported at a time (Huang, 2013, p. 21). If the market is far away from the factory, the company can consider air or sea transport. Again, when deciding whether to use air or sea, the nature of goods should be considered. Bulky products are best transported via sea or railway if the areas are accessible to these means. Coca-Cola mainly transports their products through the air, although other means are applicable if the intended destination is not far away. Information is another key factor in the supply chain that every company should strive to enhance. A good communication system between suppliers, the company, distributors, and retailers ensures that the products take minimal time to get to the market. Coca-Cola Company has invested in great communication systems which enable it to track the consumption behavior of their customers. Information assists planning in the chain and an excellent communication model can increase the profitability of a venture (Huang, 2013, p. 22). Therefore, the company can know the areas where consumption is high and decide to increase distribution centers or expand the current ones. In these distribution areas, the company can store the products ensuring that customers do not have to wait. Communication with the other members of the supply chain also informs them of areas that need more attention and those that are potentially profitable ones. The company keeps track of weather patterns so that their prod ucts are directed to the right markets at the right time (Boardroom Insiders, 2015). For instance, during the cold season, consumption may decrease, and it would be a waste to keep supplying these areas with the soft drinks. On the other hand, hot seasons call for an increase of supply to the regions experiencing such weather. Another factor that is crucial in the supply chain is sourcing. The company involves other parties to assist in the distribution of the product to the final consumer. These parties include wholesalers, retailers, and logistic companies among others (Huang, 2013, p. 22). For large enterprises such as Coca-Cola, these parties are essential in availing the goods to the final consumer. The company relies on Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE) in the distribution of the beverages after production (CokeCCE, 2016). One of the primary reasons for the success in their supply management is the presence of resources to improve their efficiency. CCE makes sure that they have the latest technology to assist in the chain. For instance, it opened an automatic storage and retrieval system in one of their distribution in the Netherlands. The facility, located in Dongen, now has a system that can automatically move cans and pallets of bottles. This assists in easy retrieval and hence faster transportation to the intended market (Boardroom Insiders, 2015). Additionally, the company is usually in the forefront to test and acquire new technology that can assist them in increasing efficiency. Technology is a major factor influencing the success of businesses in the current business environment. For instance, new ways of transport lower expenses incurred in availing the goods in the market. The company that is determined to acquire the best technology will have greater efficiency in their operations (University of San Francisco, 2016). After many years of producing and marketing their products, the company has achieved large economies of scale which enable them to sell to wholesalers at very low prices. Therefore, they can produce at significantly lower cost than their other rivals in the industry (Buzacott, 2014, p. 204). Subsequently, these distributors and wholesalers can sell to retailers at slightly higher prices and still earn a considerable profit. The retailers can then avail the products to the final consumers at a fair price. It is important to note that a good supply chain could positively influence the performance of any company. For instance, if the wholesalers hike the prices of goods with the aim of making more profit, the retailers will be forced to sell them at a higher price to the final consumers. These may lower the demand for such products thus hurting the company's performance. Hence, the company has to use a very efficient supply chain that will contribute to their success. A supply chain also requires employees who are motivated to push the company forward. Through incentives, the company has ensured that employees are motivated to be efficient in their assigned areas. The company has the required resources to hire the best people to assist in the supply chain management. The franchise also employs competent individuals with proven track records. For instance, Ronald James Lewis, the supply chain chief in CCE has a vast experience in the sector through both internal and external exposure (Boardroom Insiders, 2015). A good relationship between all stakeholders is crucial as they hold a large stake in the success of the venture (Liu, 2012, p. 122). Suppliers have to deliver raw materials on time, and at a reasonable price to enable the production of high quality and affordable soft drinks. Therefore, for the success of any supply chain, there has to be a good relationship between all parties involved. To improve their efficiency in supply all over the globe, Coca-Cola has also incorporated a franchising model in its operations. Through this model, the company only produces the primary raw materials to be used in the manufacture of the soft drinks. These basic raw materials, which include syrups and beverage bases, are then sold to the different bottling partners spread all over the world (Srivastava Verma, 2012, p. 316). Thus, these partners can produce the final products in the areas where the consumers are located. Coca-Cola Company has eased the operations in the supply chain as they do not incur costs once they provide the syrup to the franchises. This method makes it easier to manage the supply chain from the company to the final consumer. In other enterprises, the final product comes from the company, and it has the role to ensure it reaches the intended consumers. Through this franchising method, the company has eliminated the bulkiness of transactions in the chain of supp ly. Each franchise has exclusive rights to handle a region thus the chain of supply is shorter and well-organized. Short chains are easier to manage, and the products can reach the retailers promptly (Manufacturing global, 2016). This model saves on transport costs which would be incurred if the final products were to come from the parent company. The company has managed to establish its presence throughout the globe throughout his method. The parent company just supervises the production process in this franchise also operating under their name (Liebowitz, 2016, p. 32). These primary raw materials consume far lesser space and costs and increase the efficiency of the chain. The franchise then complete the production process by adding other required ingredients, such as carbonate, sweeteners, and water. Then, they bottle the drinks and distribute them to wholesalers who later sell to retailers. The franchising method also enables market segmentation in different regions of the world. Hence, they can meet the needs of different consumers all over the globe. Other than Coca-Cola Enterprises, the company also owns shares in a large franchise such as Coca-Cola Amatil, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company, and Coca-Cola FEMSA. As seen, the company has its presence all over the world due to their method of distribution. The franchising method enables them to serve consumers globally without having to incur heavy costs in the supply chain. They keep the formula of the base secret to avoid duplication thus enhancing control of the market. The Coca-Cola Export Corporation (TCCEC) is the corporation with exclusive rights to distribute the concentrate to all other affiliates companies in the world (The Coca-Cola Company, 2016). Although most of these franchise are independent, Coca-Cola gives the directions on bottling and branding of the final product. Hence, the soft drinks in different regions will be similar, yet their finishing is done in different companies. Through this, the company has managed to gain dominance in the industry in many parts of the world (Butler and Tischler, 2016, p. 59). Recently, the company opened up another bottling company in Mozambique, Africa. The new plant, the largest in the reg ion, will widen their African market considerably (Mano, 2016). Coca-Cola enterprise (CCE), the main franchise operating in Western Europe produces and sells Coca-Cola products in the region. It mainly sources raw materials locally hence the supply chain is short and fast (Boardroom Insiders, 2015). The company receives the major raw material from Coca-Cola Company and then adds sweeteners and other ingredients to produce the finished product (Computer Sciences Corporation, 2016). The final drink is obtained through mixing the secret Coca-Cola syrup and other additives (Nestle, 2015, p. 13). One main benefit is that they mainly serve the local population, and hence supply expenses are minimized. In 48 hours, the company can ensure that the drinks are on shelves of supermarkets and other areas of demand. Due to the long period of operation, Coca-Cola has been able to develop and strengthen the supply chain globally. Using the same route over an extended period creates a repetitive task which is easy to follow. On the other hand, companies supplying goods for the first time may have several challenges in their way before finally discovering an efficient chain. Rather than the company basing all the production in the headquarter factory, it has ensured that smaller companies are serving different regions (Gong, 2013, p. 47). The primary goal of associating with these other companies is to break down the complex supply chains that would be involved in serving consumers all over the world. The company has strived to keep its supply chains short to increase efficiency in the system which is vital to their success. The customer has to receive the beverages in good quality and without delays. Long supply chains only increase the time taken to reach the final consumer and increase the final cost. For example, if there are many intermediaries, in this case, the soft drinks would be expensive, and their rivals would take advantage of the situation to gain price leadership. Coca-Cola also makes strategic investments that improve the delivery of their products to the market. In the past, the company has been involved in mergers, acquisitions, and purchase of shares. For instance, the company bought shares in Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines Inc. in 2012 to bring their ownership at 51% (NoticiasFinancieras, 2012). One of the major factors that Coca-Cola Company considered is the large market for their products in the Philippines. Through this, the company will have greater access to the Philippines market. Additionally, it acquired a large franchise in Northern America to assist in their expansion in the region (Taylor, 2013). Recommendation Coca-Cola Company has succeeded in having an efficient supply chain, and this has been one factor that has contributed to their success. Their model of distribution reduces the complexity and bulkiness in the supply chain saving time and money in the process. Their chains are short and fast hence the customer can receive the beverages at an affordable price and in the reasonable time. One recommendation would be that they should invest in areas where their presence is not yet strongly felt. For instance, Africa has a large potential to drive the profits of the company even higher. In the remote areas, the company can partner with the government to develop transport facilities to enable movement of their goods more efficiently. Therefore, the company should be involved in development projects aimed at establishing their dominance even in remote areas. The company should seek to tap these potential markets early before their rivals establish their presence in them. Conclusion In conclusion, it is crucial for a company to have an efficient supply system that makes certain goods or services provided by the company reach the consumer in the best state. In the case of outsourcing the supply, they should look for the best companies available by considering their equipment, personnel, and performance in earlier contracts. Other factors that are essential in the chain include inventory, sourcing, information, transportation, and physical facilities. Consumer satisfaction should be the major aim of a company that plans to keep making profits in the long run. Coca-Cola has ensured that their products reach the consumers fast and at an affordable price. Through their franchising strategy, they have managed to establish their presence globally. The approach also assists in reducing the cost of transport of the products from the head company. Instead, they manufacture the syrup and sell it to their partners who then finish the production and bottle according to the s et guidelines. The company can hence avail soft drinks to the customers with minimal costs increasing their profit margin. Their vast resources enable them to acquire the latest technology which in turn increases their efficiency. It also maintains a good relationship with other stakeholders which is critical in the production process. Additionally, there is good communication in internally and externally which assists them to make informed decisions. References Bozarth C.C. Handfield R. B. (2016).Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management, 4th Edition, Pearson Butler, D. and Tischler, L. (2016).Design to Grow: How Coca-Cola Learned to Combine Scale and Agility (and How You Can Too). New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Available athttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z2CVCwAAQBAJpg=PA58dq=coca-cola+franchise+business+modelhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjbt572k_3NAhUKWRoKHWl-CWIQuwUIODAA#v=onepageq=coca-cola%20franchise%20business%20modelf=false Buzacott, J. (1982).Scale in Production Systems: IIASA Proceedings Series. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. Available athttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=L17pCgAAQBAJpg=PA204dq=large+economies+of+scalehl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjNpP-Vl_3NAhVRahoKHWQOCQ8QuwUIMTAD#v=onepageq=large%20economies%20of%20scalef=false Coca-Cola FEMSA Signs a Definitive Agreement to Acquire 51% of The Coca-Cola Company's Philippines' Bottling Operation2012. NoticiasFinancieras, Miami. Available athttps://search.proquest.com/docview/1238126928/42573F32549D4D69PQ/5?accountid=776 CokeCCE. (2016).Coca-Cola European Partners: Our history. [online] Available athttps://www.cokecce.com/pages/our-history[Accessed 18 Jul. 2016]. Computer Sciences Corporation. (2016).Coca-Cola Supply Chain Management Success Story. [online] Available at:https://www.csc.com/application_services/success_stories/78846-coca_cola_supply_chain_management_success_story [Accessed 15 Jul. 2016]. Gong, Y. (2013).Global operations strategy fundamentals and practice. Berlin, Springer.https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36708-3. Huang, S. (2013).Supply chain management for engineers,pp. 20-23 Available athttps://books.google.com/books?id=B2V5_zDaIy4Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=supply+chain+managementhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwia4LbD5fTNAhXkO5oKHZNYBvwQuwUIcDAJ#v=onepageq=supply%20chain%20managementf=false Liebowitz, J. (2016).Beyond knowledge management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Available athttps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_UrNBQAAQBAJpg=PA31dq=coca+cola+supply+strategyhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwj_rfHWkP3NAhWBfRoKHdj0BRw4ChC7BQhBMAY#v=onepageq=coca%20cola%20supply%20strategyf=false Liu, C. (2012).Multinationals, globalization and indigenous firms in China. London: Routledge. Available athttps://books.google.com/books?id=_mjHfHXI0S8Cpg=PA122dq=role+of+bottlers+in+coca+colahl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwj9w-3rk_XNAhWoZpoKHaYRB9YQuwUILTAB#v=onepageq=role%20of%20bottlers%20in%20coca%20colaf=false Mano, C. (2016).Coca-Cola opens new plant in Mozambique | The Herald. [online] Herald.co.zw. Available at:https://www.herald.co.zw/coca-cola-opens-new-plant-in-mozambique/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2016]. Manufacturing global. (2016).From factory to the fridge: Inside Coca-Cola's supply chain. [online] Available at:https://www.manufacturingglobal.com/lean/358/From-factory-to-fridge:-Inside-Coca-Cola's-supply-chain [Accessed 15 Jul. 2016]. Nestle, M. (2015).Soda politics: taking on big soda (and winning). Available athttps://books.google.com/books?id=mShUCgAAQBAJpg=PA13dq=soda+ingredientshl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwi8iP-Ho_XNAhWDIpoKHe9QCs0QuwUIOTAA#v=onepageq=soda%20ingredientsf=false Ronald James (Ron) Lewis - SVP, Supply Chain, Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. 2015, Boardroom Insiders, Inc., San Francisco. Available athttps://search.proquest.com/docview/1701959168/42573F32549D4D69PQ/33?accountid=776 Srivastava, R. M., Verma, S. (2012).Strategic management: concepts, skills, and practices. Available athttps://books.google.com/books?id=Od0WlsIDwFoCpg=PA316dq=coca+cola+franchise+strategyhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwj72I6CkvXNAhVMkywKHX3tBBUQuwUIWjAI#v=onepageq=coca%20cola%20franchise%20strategyf=false Taylor, K. (2013).Coca-Cola Splits in Effort to Focus on Franchising. [online] Entrepreneur. Available at:https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/230402[Accessed 18 Jul. 2016]. The Coca-Cola Company.Official site.www.coca-colacompany.com University of San Francisco. (2016). [online] Available at:https://www.usanfranonline.com/resources/supply-chain-management/whats-the-secret-recipe-in-cokes-supply-chain/#.V4h61t_RWYV[Accessed 15 Jul. 2016]. William W. (Bill) Douglas III - EVP, supply chain, Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. (2015). San Francisco: Boardroom Insiders, Inc. Retrieved fromhttps://search.proquest.com/docview/1660740055?accountid=776 World of Coca-Cola. (2016).Coca-Cola History World of Coca-Cola. [online] Available at:https://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/about-us/coca-cola-history/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2016].
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